Saturday, June 29, 2013

The Afterlives of Ai's & Lucille Clifton's Poetry


Lucille Clifton passed in February 2010, and Ai died a month later. These two poets had been mainstays in American poetry for decades at the time of their deaths. And now, just three years later, large collected works by the poets are now in print and thus providing extended lives to their poetry.

At 720 pages long, The Collected Poems of Lucille Clifton 1965-2010 (2012), edited by Kevin Young and Michael S. Glaser and with a foreword by Toni Morrison, contains an expansive body of poems spanning a lengthy career. The Collected Poems of Ai (2013), at 464 pages, includes an introduction by Yusef Komunyakaa and presents Ai's 8 volumes of poetry in a single work.

Each of the books is priced at $35.00, an indication that the works are primarily designed as collector's items for the writers' many admirers. Whereas some teachers will certainly use the books in classes (I assigned Clifton's book this past spring by the way), professors tend to assign shorter volumes when and if they select poetry books for literature courses. Those thin volumes are viewed as more manageable and cost friendly for students, and generally speaking, most volumes of poetry are somewhere between 80 and 120 pages, give or take.

The very sizes of Ai's and Clifton's collected works testify, in physical form, about the space that the poets could or should take up on the landscapes of poetry. The paratexts or packaging of Clifton's book is especially weighty. The foreword by Morrison and extended afterword by Young signal and clarify the poet's importance. In her foreword, Morrison chides even Clifton enthusiasts for under-appreciating the poet's "profound intellect" thus prompting them to find renewed interest in her work.           

Renewing and extending interests constitute reasons why these collections are available right now. These big books are here to help ensure that the poetry of Ai and Clifton have healthy afterlives. 

Related:
Collected & selected works by African American poets   

Friday, June 28, 2013

The Prolific Frank X. Walker

Between 2000 - 2013, a minimum of 9 books bearing Frank X. Walker's name appeared in print, making him one of our most prolific poets. That's a really impressive feat when you think about it. Over the last decade at just about any moment that you would have encountered Walker, he had either just published a book or was just about to publish one. By the way, his most recent book Turn Me Loose was released last month.

Walker and I share an interest in  persona poems--him as someone who has written in the voice of others, and I as someone who has written about  poets taking on the voices of others. His book Buffalo Dance: The Journey of York (2004) on York, the enslaved black man on the Lewis and Clark Expedition, even had a sequel, When Winter Come: the Ascension of York (2008). His volumes Isaac Murphy: I Dedicate This Ride (2010) and Turn Me Loose are comprised of persona poems.

To the extent that commentators are constantly speaking of the "death" (or perhaps "deaths") of poetry, writers such as Elizabeth Alexander, Carl Phillips, Kevin Young, and Walker, all with fairly regular book publishing habits, are worth considering. Getting even one book of poetry published, most poets will tell you, is no simple task, so poets who have produced more than six titles over the last 10 or so years certainly have a view of the life of poetry in ways that many might not. 

Of the more than 350 books of poetry in my personal collection and the more than 200 volumes that that I own published since 2000, Walker's work takes up an uncommon amount of space. Sure, I have several titles by Langston Hughes, Amiri Baraka, Lucille Clifton, and others. However, few, if any, of the poets who began publishing books in the last years of the 20th century and early years of the 21st century have produced as many individual works as the prolific Frank X. Walker.       

Related:
A Notebook on Frank X. Walker

Thursday, June 27, 2013

Poetry, Science, and Vocabulary


One of the barriers, scholars have noted, facing a large number of students from struggling backgrounds is known as the "word gap." That is, due to a range of factors, some young people and then adults are underexposed to words and a broad vocabulary, and the discrepancies in language acquisition between groups of people apparently affects multiple professional and social outcomes.

I've been spending considerable time thinking through the notion of that word gap as well as how assignments in my poetry courses might assist students in extending their vocabularies. Consequently, the Science Genius competition last week gave me additional ideas. The experience of listening to 15 and 16-year-olds expressing a fairly broad body of scientific terms in the course of presenting raps gave me a clearer sense of how the composition of lyrics or poetry might be used to expand word usage.

The performances by the students also reminded me that the "word gap" premise is limited in the sense that the concept overlooks what some people with seemingly low vocabularies actually do with wording and phrasing. Although some people have less words, they are still capable of verbal dexterity, for instance.

Still, science is one of many discourses that might provide students in a poetry course with opportunities to expand their vocabularies. Poets have long displayed an interest in nature, so what if, as was the case with those high school students, that interest in nature was explored based on the language and discourse of geology, physics, biology, chemistry, or astronomy? For those young people, approaching the study of the sciences with the view that they would later translate what they were learning into poems and raps gave them added incentive to grasp and manipulate new words and concepts.
 
Although people have long discussed the "power of language" exemplified in poems, we have not done enough to discuss just how poetry might assist students in expanding their vocabularies. Perhaps we should begin taking more opportunities to do so.

World War Z and the Return of Colson Whitehead's Zone One

If you've been checking out the coverage of this new zombie movie World War Z, you may have noticed the mentions here and there of Colson Whitehead's Zone One, also a zombie novel. Whitehead might be one of the few African American writers regularly mentioned in non-black contexts. You know I'm not making some silly "post race" claim here. Instead, what I'm indicating is that Whitehead and his book possess what's known as crossover appeal.

Some of the recent mentions of Zone One:

June 20 - The New York Times: "It [World War Z] does not expand the tonal range of zombie fantasy, like Ruben Fleischer's 'Zombieland' or Colson Whitehead's novel 'Zone One.'"

June 21 -- The Daily Beast: "Clear incursions have been launched over the literary barricades by Colson Whitehead’s Zone One, Rick Moody’s Four Fingers of Death, and Cormac McCarthy’s The Road (post-apocalyptic cannibals taken as nearly synonymous). They even got Jane Austen."

June 21 - Nerdist: "In comparison to other, more intelligent zombie fare like The Walking Dead, Colson Whitehead’s Zone One, or even Ruben Fleischer’s Zombieland, director Marc Forster [director of World War Z] takes a bit of a step back."

June 21 - Tor: "Colson Whitehead usually writes books that fall firmly in the 'literary fiction' aisle, but with Zone One he takes his beautiful way with prose and applies it to a post-post-zombocalypse story."

June 24 - The Washington Post: "Bennett Sims’s brand new 'A Questionable Shape,' may be the smartest zombie novel since Colson Whitehead’s 'Zone One' (2011)."

June 24 - Scholars and Rogues: "In a trailer scene reminiscent of Colson Whitehead's poignant Zone One (Anchor, 2011), zombies overrun an enormous wall."

Related:
• A Notebook on Colson Whitehead

Wednesday, June 26, 2013

Meeting Ben McFall at the Strand (again)

Ben McFall and Joycelyn Moody at the Strand Book Store

The Strand Bookstore has a really impressive collection of books too, I had to remind myself on a recent return trip there on Saturday, June 22. I may have almost forgotten about the books there. I mean, I've been visiting the legendary bookstore to peruse and purchase books for more than a decade now.

The reason for the return this time was to introduce my good friend Joycelyn Moody to Ben McFall, also known as "the oracle of the Strand Book Store." Last month, my student Briana Whiteside had the good fortune of meeting Mr. McFall. So here again in the city, I couldn't pass the opportunity to see if he was in, and sure enough he was, working in the store where he's been for nearly 35 years now.

This time, like last, we had a really enjoyable conversation with Mr. McFall about a few different topics, especially Detroit, where he was born.  He grew up in a neighborhood filled with young people playing and adults having card and block parties. The city and especially his neighborhood had seen far better days back then than today. 

Somehow, during our conversation, we did not even talk much about books and the fiction section where Mr. McFall has his eyes, ears, and fingertips on hundreds of titles and authors. Next time, next time, I'll try to remember to ask the legendary book clerk about the items in the story. I've heard, you know, that the Strand has a few books.

Related:
Meeting Ben McFall at the Strand  

Sister-scientist astronomers remix that classic Wu on RapGenius

High school rap group rhyme about space travel

One of Wu Tang's most famous songs and perhaps one of the most well-known hooks in all of hip hop is from "C.R.E.A.M.," don't you think? I do too.
Cash rules everything around me
C.R.E.A.M get the money
Dollar, dollar bill y'all
Like most folks who've been rolling with hip hop for a minute, that "C.R.E.A.M." hook and the song's beat (and that piano) have long been embedded in my memory. So when this one group, a crew of four young sisters, in the Science Genius competition prepared to perform and that classic Wu came on, I had to sit up. I wondered would they spit the "cash rules" hook. No, they remixed it to fit their astronomy rap:
Planets spinnin all around me
galaxy surround me
It's astronomy
Ok, I see y'all.

The first lyricist begins by noting that "Jupiter's a gassy planet, along with Saturn / Ask me how I know. I follow the stars pattern / Turned around Saturn and ended up on Mars / And the surface of the planet was cold like these bars."

Throughout the song, the lil sisters describe themselves planet-hopping. At one point, one of the rappers observes that she decided to "Hesitate on a planet that don’t count – PLUTO." Here, she's demonstrating her familiarity with findings presented by astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson and others that Pluto is in fact not a planet, certainly not in the sense that had been previously presented. She raps on that she is "flying to the planet next to me / closest to the sun, so it means that I'm on Mercury" and then "certainly, I'm bout fly to Neptune / mad moons," thus referring the fact that the planet has many moons, 19 to be exact.

For years, I've carried that classic Wu song with me. I'm pleased to now have this memorable remix as well.

Related:  
A Notebook on RapGenius

Tuesday, June 25, 2013

Notebook on Verbal Skills & Wordplay

2013
January 17: Trash talk and allusion to physical confrontation

2012
June 20: Malcolm X as Political Satirist
January 19: Making'em See Red: Malcolm X's Poetic Touch

2011 
May 27: Note on NBA players saying "Pause"
May 27: Black Men, Verbal Skills, and the NBA 
April 14: The West vs. Sharpton Debate in Historical Context

2010
July 15: Jay Elect and "The Ghost of Christopher Wallace"
July 15: black men and verbal skills

Related:
Assorted Notebooks

A glossary of natural hair terms

By Briana Whiteside 

1. Big Chop (B.C) - cutting off all your chemically treated hair.

2. Box braids - long weave braids using braiding hair (kankelon). The hair is parted into small boxes (Janet Jackson’s hair in Poetic Justice).

3. Braid out - braiding hair to the scalp and leaving for hours or days at a time then taken down and the crinkly look creates a braid out.

4. Co-wash - washing hair with conditioner only.

5. Detangling - combing hair only when wet. Wet detangling is crucial to retaining hair length.

6. Frohawk - resembles a mohawk, but since natural’s hair isn’t straight it is called a frohawk.

7. Hair types - 2a (wavy swavy), 2b (wavy curvy), 2c (wavy whirly), 3a (curly twirly), 3b (curly spirally), 3c (curly coily), 4a (coily springy), 4b (coily crimpy), 4c (coily ziggly).

8. Havana twists/Marley braids - twists that resemble locked hair. This is a protective style using only Havana hair (really soft wavy hair) or Marley braiding hair (coarse wavy hair). They are done in large sections and usually last a couple weeks.

9. Pineappleing - sleeping technique to protect curls overnight. Gathering hair high on the head in a loose ponytail and using a silk scarf or laying directly on a satin pillowcase to preserve hair.

10. Pre-pooing - treatment applied before shampooing, usually consists of applying oils, conditioner and heat to help penetrate hair before shampooing.

11. Product junky - a person who buys all new hair products in sight, constantly on the lookout for the next best thing.

12. Protective styles - hairstyles that tuck the ends of hair away from damaging agents such as sun and heat. These styles help hair grow and reduce split ends.

13. Retain moisture - naturals use this terms when their hair becomes dry after they have moisturized. Retaining moisture is essential because it prevents hair breakage.

14. Sealing - sealing moisture in the hair especially at the ends, using water-based moisturizers, butter and oil.

15. Senegalese twists - are a protective style achieved using kankelon braiding hair creating long two strand individual twists.

16. Teasing - playing with hair to manipulate length and width.

17. Teeny weeny afro (T.W.A) — short natural hair that is too short to manipulate.

18. Transitioning - a period of time since the last relaxer. It is also referred to as the hardest time because there are two textures of hair on the head.

19. Twist out - two strand twisting the hair to the scalp, allowing it to dry then it is taken down and styled.

20. Wash & Go - co-washing hair adding styler cream or gel and go, allowing hair to air dry.

Briana Whiteside is a graduate student in English at SIUE and a contributing writer for the Black Studies site.   

Analyzing the poetry/lyrics of high school students on RapGenius

Jalib rapping with Wu Tang's GZA, one of the contest judges, listening

I usually devote much of my time analyzing poems by the works of established writers, almost all of whom happen to be considerably older than I am. But after the Final Battle for the Science Genius contest last Friday, I've spent an unusual amount of energies checking out the pieces by a couple of high school students.

I enjoyed all of the contestants in the competition, but I decided to focus in a little more on the lyrics by a student who goes by the stage name Jalib and another one who goes by Yung Merk. Jalib ended up winning the overall contest; however, I was also impressed with Yung Merk. After the live performances in fact, I thought Yung Merk was best, but after closer inspection of the lyrics and then after more consideration of the actual performances, I tend to agree with the judges that Jalib may have won.

Jalib rapped about physics and focused especially on kinetic energy throughout his rap and kept returning to the idea of work represented by W = FD. At one point, he raps, "FD=W the rule / and the unit measurement for the product is called joules, Cool. / I did the work I’ma try to let it flow / [cause] the more people I know kinetic energy grows so." Through his piece, he references "friction" as a threat to his movement and work: "Your only rival is friction don’t get caught up in the drag."

Jalib reminded me of those backpacker-like rappers, with a cool, conscious, lighthearted vibe. Yung Merk had more of a tough-guy feel in part because of his demeanor, and also because of the kind of instrumental under his rhymes. Although the contest took place in New York, he had that Southern-bounce and trap music going, or maybe even drill music

Yung Merk opened mentioning "rocks," a term that almost always refers to crack cocaine in street discourse, but instead of going in that direction, this young lyricist turned to an exploration of geology. Check out the chorus of his rap:
If we talkin' rocks then let's talk metallic
Metamorphic, cementation, and compaction
If we talkin rocks then let's talk organic
Sandstone, coal, and that inorganic
Bioclast, foliation, and that granite
I can tell you something bout an aphinatic
It's very rare plus i heard it's so volcanic
To tell the truth, i've never been a rock fanatic
Yoooooo....what the? Hey, I've been listening to hip hop on the regular for over 20 years now. I felt like I've heard and seen a lot, but I was certainly caught off guard to hear this 16-year-old youngster talking earth minerals, foliation, compaction, and geological textures.

Jalib and Yung Merk both seemed really comfortable on stage. Jalib probably had an even more energetic approach to spitting his lyrics, but that's perhaps in part due to the kind of rap-style persona he adopted as opposed to the one Yung Merk exuded.  

Related:  
A Notebook on RapGenius

From RapGenius to Science Genius

High school students performing in the Science Genius contest

On Friday, June 21st, I caught the Final Battle for the Science Genius contest. Representatives from 10 high schools in New York City competed for the group or individual with the best raps about science-related topics.  The students' rap lyrics were posted on RapGenius, and the project represented a really engaging way of getting young people interested in science and education in general.

The project was the brainchild of Columbia professor Christopher Emdin. He received assistance from a range of volunteers and contributors, including Wu Tang's GZA, who served as one of the faces of the program, and the folks at RapGenius, providing help with promotion, logistics, and space on their site.

I was made aware of the project by RapGenius education czar Jeremy Dean. He knew I would be in the city on that Friday and said that I should consider stopping by the contest. I'm so glad I took him up on the invitation.

The event took place in an auditorium on the campus of Columbia's Teachers College, and let me tell you, the place was buzzing with excitement as the high school students got prepared to listen to raps...about science! The young folks in the audience yelled and shouted their approval for groups, and ooed and ahhed when performers dropped especially thoughtful, science-related rhymes.

So that everyone could keep up, the organizers arranged to have a large screen displaying the rappers' lyrics posted on RapGenius in the background. The appearance of the lyrics with break-downs during the course of performances made for an even more illuminating experience. The young performers apparently had arrived to the project with rap skills, and now they were showcasing the outcomes of lessons on physics, astronomy, biology, and geology. 

Yes, geology, as one of the high students rapped: "If we talkin' rocks then let's talk metallic / Metamorphic, cementation, and compaction."


Related:  
A Notebook on RapGenius

Wednesday, June 19, 2013

Claude McKay's "If We Must Die" and Metadata

"If We Must Die" with mark-ups & metadata from summer 2013 students

"Isn't it militant?" "Isn't it a sonnet?" "Wasn't the author from Jamaica?" "Wasn't he associated with the Harlem Renaissance?" "Isn't that the poem rumored to have been read by Winston Churchill read once?"

During class discussions of Claude McKay's "If We Must Die," you hear the data and metadata piling up. There's all this interesting information that students have heard about the poem, really about many poems we cover.

Recently, I've been giving more thought to what it means to record some of the metadata that students present, which might mean, in the process, transforming the metadata that a current group of students produces on a poem into the data that a future group might access and use as learning material.

What if, for instance, the students that I will work with in the fall of 2013 had the opportunity to look over annotations that my students from 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, and the summer of 2013 had produced concerning McKay's poem, Gwendolyn Brooks's "We Real Cool," Langston Hughes's "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," Margaret Walker's "For My People"?  What might new students learn about poetry based on the comments that prior students had made?

I also wonder how current students might annotate poems if I informed them that they were producing such metadata for the benefit of future generations of students. To make some of the connections between different groups of students over a span of time, I'll have to do a better job collecting and organizing the data and metadata that each group produces.

Related:
Richard Wright, Toni Morrison, Colson Whitehead & Big Data  
Poets and Big Data: The Case of Amiri Baraka      
Jay-Z & Big Data: Mark Anthony Neal Decodes S. Carter  

Richard Wright, Toni Morrison, Colson Whitehead & Big Data


The late literary scholar and  bibliographer extraordinaire Keneth Kinnamon's A Richard Wright Bibliography: Fifty Years of Criticism and Commentary, 1933-1982 (1988) and Richard Wright: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism and Commentary, 1983-2003 (2005) contain 13,117 and 8,320 entries, respectively. That's right--more than 21,000 annotated items (news articles, scholarly essays, books, unpublished dissertations, etc.) concerning Wright. A conversation about the production of big data  in the field of African American literature necessarily needs to attend the coverage of Wright. (That he wrote a book entitled 12 Million Black Voices suggests that he too was interested in big data.).

Over the last 20 years in the scholarly discourse on African American literature, the phrase "Toni Morrison" has become the undisputed single most important data point. Unfortunately, no Kinnamon-like Morrison bibliographer has yet emerged. Nonetheless, even cursory glances through scholarly journals, literature conference programs, and academic book lists on black literary art reveal that Morrison has been a vital and pervasive point of reference in the field.

Although Colson Whitehead has not yet become the subject of dissertations and academic monographs at the rate that Wright and Morrison have been, the large and growing body of writings on his work in popular discourses is nonetheless remarkable. The reviews, interviews, and profiles on Whitehead and his six books that I have collected total more than 500. That's a small number compared to the body of works on Wright and Morrison, but extraordinary among any and all African American writers who began publishing over the last 15 and perhaps even 25 years.

So what does the expansive nature of bibliographies on Wright, Morrison, and Whitehead have to do with big data in black literature? I'm still trying to work through some answers, but for now, I suspect that thinking about bibliographies on black writers in the contexts of data and metadata might assist us in considering how multiple forces, not just the artistry or "good writing" of those individual three writers, contribute to their uncommon receptions and far-reaching successes.

For example, a glance at publication dates (metadata, yes?) of reviews of Whitehead's last two novels reveal that several writings concerning his books occurred prior to the official release dates, an indication that Whitehead's publisher made serious investments in pre-publication promotional efforts for the author's works. A close look at the metadata on scholarly articles on Morrison would reveal what academic journals have been especially keen on publishing essays about the novelist over the last two decades and which novels of hers received the most and least attention. An examination of metadata on Wright scholarship would reveal a trove of information such as which dissertations on Wright eventually became published books or what decades witnessed the most newspaper articles, scholarly essays, and book-length treatments on the famed author.

Related: 
Claude McKay's "If We Must Die" and Metadata
Poets and Big Data: The Case of Amiri Baraka     
Jay-Z & Big Data: Mark Anthony Neal Decodes S. Carter 

Monday, June 17, 2013

Jay-Z & Big Data: Mark Anthony Neal Decodes S. Carter


Among other things, Mark Anthony Neal's chapter on Jay-Z in his book Looking for Leroy: Illegible Black Masculinities is a study in the art of fusing diverse data and metadata. Neal's book on the one hand and then recent conversations on the other hand about how the National Security Agency has "rushed to unlock the secrets of 'Big Data'" had me merging a few different ideas.

Neal's chapter and footnotes on Jay-Z reveal how a scholar works his way through all these items (data) and descriptions of those items (metadata) on a major artist / "business." Neal covers many of Jay-Z's primary texts, which in this case means citing and analyzing aspects of the rapper's songs, musical videos, performances, clothing line, book Decoded, and advertisments for companies such as Hewlett Packard. He also discusses Jay-Z's interactions with peers, fellow rap artists, rivals, singers (including Beyonce), and corporations, as well as his placement in musical, entertainment, and entrepreneurial contexts.

Neal weaves in a set of Jay-Z-related secondary sources, including articles and a profile segment from 60 Minutes II. Throughout, he references news items, scholarly articles, and books about rap and cultural history, along with a number of writings linked to black feminist and queer theory discourses. I'm obviously aware that producing various and many citations is typical for a scholarly article.

What stands out to me though is the range of data and metadata that Neal can draw on to write about S. Knowles-Carter. I mean, I rarely read articles on rap artists that mention Hewlett Packard and Audre Lorde. Given my links to the scholarly discourse on literature, I am accustomed to reading essays that exclusively reference printed words, but not videos, clothing, numbers (i.e. 493,000 albums sold during the week of 9/11), songs, and "the toys of the hip elite" (i.e. Maybachs and Basquiats).  

Moral authorities often criticize young people, and right now, I'm especially thinking of the finger pointing that goes toward black boys who seem to display too much interest in rap stars and professional athletes. However, when you consider all the data and metadata that Neal sifts through in a discussion of Jay-Z, there's no wonder why imaginative lil brothers, among others, would be fascinated with a figure who has taken on so many forms and dictated so many outcomes. Anyway, all of that is for another discussion.

Right now, the point is that the voluminous data and metadata on someone like Jay-Z makes him ultimately and always legible and illegible.    
 
Related:
Poets and Big Data: The Case of Amiri Baraka 
Jay-Z's Cosmopolitanism: Notes from Mark Anthony Neal's Looking for Leroy 
A Notebook on Mark Anthony Neal's Looking for Leroy 

Poets and Big Data: The Case of Amiri Baraka


"90 percent of the data that now exists in the world has been created in just the last two years." --NYTIMES

Back in 1999, I met poet and professor William J. Harris, who is the editor of The LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka Reader. Although the 624-page Baraka Reader contains a wide range of Baraka's materials, Harris noted to me that the book was nonetheless incomplete because Baraka was still actively writing and publishing. There's so much of Baraka's new work out there in the world, Harris was saying, not to mention the writings about him, that it's just difficult to keep up.

And that was before Baraka's Somebody Blew Up America & Other Poems, Digging (2010), Tales of the Out and the Gone, and other works he produced during the 21st century. That was before videos of Baraka were frequently uploaded to YouTube. That was before all those images of Baraka on google, all those images on flickr.  In short, that was long before the data and metadata on Baraka was this big.

The scholarly discourse on African American poetry, and perhaps poetry in general, has yet to catch up to the growing conversation on "big data."  Given the relatively small number of scholars of black literature self-consciously doing work in digital humanities, there's little surprise that we haven't seen considerable analyses of the ways that all this online data and metadata is shaping the transmission and reception of works by black writers.  But maybe, eventually, the discussion will pick up. After all, African Americans are disproportionately represented on social media sites, so there's the chance such interest in technology might transform into concentrated study at some point.

In the meantime, we might keep an eye on at least some of the new and expanding data and metadata produced about poets whom we study. Like Harris, we will likely find our collections incomplete, but the processes of following along and citing some of our experiences will assist in sharpening our understanding of how different audiences engage poets and poetry in new and exciting ways. Who knew, for instance, that something like Facebook, YouTube, or RapGenius would come along and provide these novel spaces for discussing, uploading/viewing, and annotating poems, respectively?        

Who knew that for better and worse data and metadata would become so prevalent?

Saturday, June 15, 2013

Jazz Musicians by State of Birth


A week or so ago, I produced a list of poets by state of birth. Then over on facebook, William J. Harris mentioned jazz musicians by state in passing, so I wanted to take a look by organizing a fairly short list of 50 or so musicians.   

Alabama
• Sun Ra (1914 - 1993)

Arizona
• Charles Mingus (1922 - 1979)

Arkansas
• Pharaoh Sanders (b. 1940)

California
• Dexter Gordon (1923-90)
• Eric Dolphy (1928 - 1964)
• David Murray (b. 1955)
• Joshua Redman (b. 1969)

Delaware
• Clifford Brown (1930 – 1956)

Florida
• Cannonball Adderley (1928 - 1975)
• Jimy Garrison (1934 - 1976)
• Archie Shepp (b. 1937)

Illinois
• Miles Davis (1926 – 1991)
• Abbey Lincoln (1930 -2010)
• Herbie Hancock (b. 1940)
• Papa Jo Jones (1911 - 1985)

Indiana
• Freddie Hubbard (1938 - 2008)

Kansas
• Charlie Parker (1920 - 1955)

Louisiana
• Louis Armstrong (1901 - 1971)
• Wynton Marsalis (b. 1961)
• Brian Blade (b. 1970)

Massachusetts
• Johnny Hodges (1906 – 1970)
• Sonny Stitt (1924 - 1982)
• Roy Haynes (b. 1925)

Michigan
• Elvin Jones (1927 - 2004)
• Betty Carter (1929 - 1998)

Mississippi
• Lester Young (1909–59)

Missouri
• Coleman Hawkins (1904–69)
• Clark Terry (b. 1920)
• John Gilmore (1931–1995)

New Jersey
• Count Basie (1904 – 1984)
• Sarah Vaughan (1924 - 1990)
• Wayne Shorter (b. 1933)

New York
• Bud Powell (1924 - 1966)
• Cecil Taylor (b. 1929)
• Sonny Rollins (b. 1930)
• Andrew Cyrille (b. 1939)

North Carolina
• Thelonious Monk (1917 - 1982)
• Mary Lou Williams (1910 - 1981)
• Max Roach (1924 - 2007)
• John Coltrane (1926 – 1967)
• Percy Heath (1923 - 2005)

Ohio
• Albert Ayler (1936 - 1970)

Pennsylvania
• Art Blakey  (1919 – 1990)
• Philly Joe Jones (1923 - 1985)
• Rashied Ali (1933 - 2009)
• Reggie Workman (b. 1937)
• McCoy Tyner (b. 1938)

South Carolina
• Dizzy Gillespie (1917 - 1993)

Texas
• Ornette Coleman (b. 1930)

Virginia
• Ella Fitzgerald (1917 - 1996)

Washington D.C.
• Duke Ellington (1899 - 1974)
• Jimmy Cob (b. 1929)

Why are all the black poets sitting together over there?

Taking the conversation of poets and place in a slightly different direction, I was thinking about how anthologies have a way of situating black poets in relation to each other and various other non-black poets. From one perspective, I suppose people look at anthologies featuring works by African American poets and note that the editors and the poets themselves seem to segregate themselves off and away from, say, general utopian, raceless anthologies. That's one possibility.

Then, there's also the chance that black poets are far more likely to appear together in presumable black anthologies because they have little chance of getting into those general anthologies. Sure, big-name poets achieve cross-over appeal and appear in black and general anthologies. But by and large, African American poets are published in designated black spaces.

Questions about whether black people are self-segregating themselves or being excluded drive conversations well beyond the realms of literature. Remember Beverly Tatum's Why Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together In The Cafeteria?: And Other Conversations About Race (1997)? Even if you're unfamiliar with the book, you've likely encountered conversations along the lines of black people occupying this or that particular place, this or that black neighborhood, etc.

If you check the surface of black arts discourse, you'll see all kinds of statements about self-empowerment and the need for writers to "publish black." You'd have to dig a little bit, though, to see that an impulse for some of that movement to black spaces was at least partially related to how unwilling apparent white spaces were to include more African American poets. There's also the matter that poets of all backgrounds tend to publish regularly in places where they have connections and ties.
 
That groups of poets have links to common social locations and networks likely explains why we see groups of them in one kind of anthology (i.e. collections with primary black writers) and not other ones (i.e. general collections with primary white writers). The explanation of why all the black poets are sitting together over there in those anthologies could be linked to why large numbers of black people who situated in those neighborhoods.             

Friday, June 14, 2013

Reading Cornelius Eady, Tyehimba Jess & Adrian Matejka...together



So...Jack Johnson, Leadbelly, and the black guy Susan Smith imagined walk into a bar....

Wait. You've already heard that one?  Really?  Ok...here we go, try this:

What's the literature teacher equivalent of a dj rocking three turntables at the same time? Yep, un-hunh, you guessed it--covering Cornelius Eady's Brutal Imagination (2001), Tyehimba Jess's Leadbelly (2005), and Adrian Matejka's The Big Smoke (2013). I'm not just talking about reading the books sequentially. This fall, I'm going to encourage one of my literature courses to mix and match their reading assignments of the three volumes, and see what we discover.

In you haven't read the three volumes yet, here's a brief summary. Eady's book is about a legendary bad man. Jess's book is about a legendary bad man. Matejka's book is about a legendary bad man. And at the risk of sounding cliche with the whole new Superman movie opening today, I still gotta tell you what I know: I've never seen Eady, Jess, and Matejka in the same place at the same time. Not spreading rumors, just saying.   

In all seriousness though, and as I've noted before, those three volumes and the bad men in them speak to each other in ways that I've been hard-pressed to see matched by various other groupings of books. I've enjoyed the books individually, but I'm looking forward to trying to work through the books with my crew together over the course of the semester as opposed to one at a time as is the usual practice in classes.

How might a somewhat simultaneous  approach to these three volumes increase or decrease student interest in reading poetry? Why might this approach be more desirable than my older, conventional one-at-a-time approaches, and what distinct reading and writing experiences can the students achieve as a result of this new process? The practice of reading Brutal Imagination, Leadbelly, and The Big Smoke will ideally get me to answers on those and other questions. 

Tuesday, June 11, 2013

Interpretation through Illustration: "A Song in the Front Yard" by Gwendolyn Brooks


We often talk about imagery in poetry, but rarely do we take the next step encouraged by a couple of students, Courtnee Fenner of Dillard University and Laruen Barnes from Pennsylvania State. Yesterday in a discussion of "a song in the front yard" by Gwendolyn Brooks, Courtnee mentioned that she drew sketches of a front and back yard when she first encountered the poem.

So, her peers were then prompted to draw sketches of the yards the speaker in Brooks's poem referenced. Interpretation through illustration is how I viewed the process. After folks had drawn images, they had yet another place from which to think about and analyze the poem.


The other day, our analysis and markups of Dunbar's "We Wear the Mask" involved underlines and circles. What happens when we added even more shapes and sketches to the mix of working through a poem? That's what we were discovering as we talked about and laughed at our illustrations to accompany Brooks's poem.


I gave the students two copies of the poems we're covering, one that they might keep clean for later use and the other that they can feel free to write on, underline and circle key words, highlight phrases, and in this case, to draw sketches of the front and back yards that Brooks may have had in mind.

Related:
Marking up Paul Laurence Dunbar's "We Wear the Mask"
Marking up Robert Hayden's "Frederick Douglass"
Briana Whiteside's Markups 

Sunday, June 9, 2013

Poets by state of birth

In my continuing work on the demographics of African American poetry, I have produced a list of poets by year of birth. Although still a work in progress, I have decided to share the following list of poets arranged by the state where they were born.

Alabama
• Margaret Walker (1915-1998)
• Sonia Sanchez (b. 1934)
• Harryette Mullen (b. 1953)

Arkansas
• Henry Dumas (1934-1968)
• Haki Madhubuti (b. 1942)

Arizona
• Jayne Cortez (1934 - 2012)

California
• Paul Beatty (b. 1962)

Colorado
• Camille T. Dungy (b. 1972)

Connecticut
• Melvin Dixon (1950 - 1992)

Florida
• Nathaniel Mackey (b. 1947)
• James Weldon Johnson (1871-1938)

Georgia
• Larry Neal (1937-1981)
• Alice Walker (1944)

Illinois
• Fenton Johnson (1888-1958)
• Opal Moore (b. 1953)
• Patricia Smith (b. 1955)
• Essex Hemphill (1957–1995)
• Tara Betts (b. 1974)

Kansas
• Frank Marshall Davis (1905 - 1987)
• Gwendolyn Brooks (b. 1917-2000) 

Kentucky
• Gayl Jones (b. 1949)
• Frank X. Walker (b. 1961)

Louisiana
• Arna Bontemps (1902 - 1973)
• Bob Kaufman (1925 – 1986)
• Tom Dent (1932 – 1998)
• Yusef Komunyakaa (b. 1947)
• Kalamu ya Salaam (b. 1947)

Maryland
• Frances E. W. Harper (1825-1911)

Massachusetts
• Helene Johnson (1906 - 1995)
• Tracy K. Smith (b. 1972)

Michigan
• Robert Hayden (1913 - 1980)
• Toi Derricotte (b. 1941)
• Tyehimba Jess (b. 1965)
• jessica Care moore (b. 1971 )

Mississippi
• Richard Wright (1908 - 1960)
• Etheridge Knight (1931-1991)
• Al Young (b. 1939)
• Sterling Plumpp (b. 1940)
• Natasha Trethewey (1966)
• Treasure Redmond (b. 1971)

Missouri
• Melvin B. Tolson (b. 1898 - 1966)
• Langston Hughes (1902 - 1967)
• Maya Angelou (b. 1928)
• Eugene B. Redmond (b. 1937)
• Quincy Troupe (1939)

Nebraska
• Kevin Young (b. 1970)

New Jersey
• Amiri Baraka (b. 1934)
• Ntozake Shange (b. 1948)
• Kevin Powell (b. 1966)

New York
• Raymond R. Patterson (1929 - 2001)
• Audre Lorde (1934 – 1992)
• Lucille Clifton (1936 - 2010)
• June Jordan (1936 – 2002)
• Michael S. Harper (b. 1938)
• Cornelius Eady (b. 1954)
• Elizabeth Alexander (b. 1962)
• Reginald Shepherd (1963 – 2008)
• Saul Williams (b. 1972 )

North Carolina
• George Moses Horton (1797–1884)
• Askia TourĂ© (b. 1938)
• Lenard D. Moore (b. 1958)

Ohio
• Samuel Allen (b. 1917)
• Mari Evans (b. 1923)
• Russell Atkins (b. 1926)
• Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906)
• Cecil Giscombe (b. 1950)
• William J. Harris (b. 1942)
• Marilyn Nelson (b. 1946)
• Rita Dove (b. 1952)
• Thylias Moss (b. 1954)
• A. Van Jordan (b. 1965)

South Carolina
• Nikky Finney (b. 1957)
• Terrance Hayes (b. 1971)

Pennsylvania
• Tim Seibles (b. 1955)
• Ruth Ellen Kocher (b. 1965)
• Major Jackson (b. 1968)

Tennessee
• Calvin C. Hernton ( 1932 - 2001)
• Nikki Giovanni (b. 1943)
• Ishmael Reed (b. 1938)
• Evie Shockley (b. 1965)

Texas
• Ai (b. 1947-2010)
• Vievee Francis (b. 1963)

Virginia
• Naomi Long Madgett (b. 1923)

Washington D.C.
• Dudley Randall (1914 - 2000)
• Jean Toomer (1884-1967)
• Sterling A. Brown (b. 1901-1989)
• Thomas Sayers Ellis (b. 1963)

Saturday, June 8, 2013

Marking up Paul Laurence Dunbar's "We Wear the Mask"

Corey Reed and Kevin Morris discussing Paul Laurence Dunbar's "We Wear the Mask"
I had a good time working with the six Fellows in the African American Literatures and Cultures Institute yesterday. In particular, I enjoyed the opportunity to talk about and primarily witness the Fellows discussing and marking up Paul Laurence Dunbar's "We Wear the Mask." Corey Reed from Morehouse College and Kevin Morris from the University of Arkansas led our discussion, and they began by writing Dunbar's poem on the white board.

From there, they took questions and made comments about the poem, marking it up with underlines, double underlines, circles, arrows, and notes on the side. What an old-school yet novel way to work with a poem. Thinking about a poem in a book or on an individual handout is one thing. Thinking about a poem that's written on the board receiving mark ups based on the discussion is something esle.
 

 The use of mark-ups are one way to engage and sketch out responses to a poem. Maybe it's a lost or declining art since people increasingly view materials on digital devices and really before that, large numbers of people were understandably reluctant to place markings on poems in their books. But seeing what individual words and lines that a group of people are interested in concerning a poem and  then thinking about those words as a whole together can stimulate even more interest in a piece.

There's something about the aesthetics of a poem written on a board too that can make even an old and familiar one like Dunbar's"We Wear the Mask" new. For years and years, I've seen the poem in books and on printouts. Seeing the poem written largely on the board gave the piece an almost public art feel, which even beyond the poem, gave me all kinds of new ideas.  .

Related:
Marking up Robert Hayden's "Frederick Douglass"
Briana Whiteside's Markups

Sunday, June 2, 2013

The Return of a Soul Man Scholar

Several years ago when I was in graduate school, one of my classmates, a sister who was deep into neo-soul, discovered Mark Anthony Neal's work and insisted that we should all be reading him, if we wanted to understand contemporary R & B and its histories. That's how I was first started reading Neal's work. 

For the last few years, I've followed him on hip hop, technology, and popular culture. I almost...almost forgot that in addition to those things, Neal is a soul man scholar. He thinks and writes about figures such as Al Green, Marvin Gaye, and Donny Hathaway the way some folks concentrate on Shakespeare, Langston Hughes, and Toni Morrison. If books and book chapters received fanfare like albums and singles, then we'd be easily referring to the chapters in Looking for Leroy on R. Kelly and Luther Vandross as Neal's comeback. Not that he's been gone.

But the airwaves--facebook, twitter, youtube, etc.--don't offer much space for extended talk about R & B, unless there's some controversy or a tragic death. And then admittedly, I probably pay more attention to hip hop and jazz than to singers, crooners, and balladeers, and thus miss some of what is being said in the R & B realms. Notwithstanding my own limits, I still get the sense that the soul man tradition that Neal delves into is less legible in contemporary mainstream markets than say discourses and histories about hip hop and basketball.

In the book, he covers Leroy (Gene Anthony Ray) from Fame, Avery Brooks, Jay-Z, The Wire, Denzel Washington, and Barack Obama, but you really see him in the role of soul man scholar in the chapters "R. Kelly's Closet: Shame, Desire, and the Confessions of a (Postmodern) Soul Man" and "Fear of a Queer Soul Man: The Legacy of Luther Vandross." The major difference between now and previous writings is the focus on legibility/illegibility as well as the application of queer discourses to his treatment of subjects.  At the same time though, he demonstrates that he is this serious soul man scholar by placing R. Kelly and Vandross in a larger historical and cultural context of black music and among a long line of singers, including Teddy Pendergrass, Solomon Burke, Barry White, Ron Isley, Al Green, Sam Cooke, Bobby Womack, and Sylvester.

When I first scanned the table of contents for Looking for Leroy, I was most interested in the chapters on Jay-Z and The Wire, and I did find those two chapters insightful and informative. After having read the whole book though, Neal pushed me to do the most mind work -- in terms of recall and considerations of long histories and multiple discourses -- in his chapters on R. Kelly and Vandross. After reading Neal's book, the illegibility, or at least the scarcity, of the soul man scholar in comparison to the black studies scholar, the hip hip scholar, and the popular culture scholar stands out to me now. Then too, it's a good thing for me that Neal happens to occupy all four of those subject positions.            

Related
A Notebook on Mark Anthony Neal's Looking for Leroy 

Saturday, June 1, 2013

Other kinds of "Recovery Work"

In a 1975 issue of Ms. magazine, Alice Walker described her "search" for Zora Neale Hurston. Many observers credited Walker's article with providing wider interest in Hurston and her work. Over the ensuing years and decades, the "recovery" of black writers, especially black women writers, became a major imperative in the scholarly discourse on African American literature. Graduate students and scholars were motivated to search for, identify, and recover writers and artists who had been previously overlooked or under-valued. 

Reading about actors Gene Anthony Ray (1962 - 2003) and Avery Brooks (b. 1948) in Mark Anthony Neal's Looking for Leroy had me thinking about other kinds of recovery work. Whereas I usually cover essays that seek to recover writers, rarely had I read pieces that sought to re-present black men actors. Ray was most known for his role as Leroy in the movie and television series Fame, and Brooks is known for a variety of television roles, most notably perhaps as the character Hawk from Spencer for Hire and in A Man Named Hawk and as Commanding Officer Benjamin Sisko from Deep Space Nine. In recent years at least, Ray and Brooks have received little scholarly attention. 

Neal does more, however, than identify two overlooked figures. He concentrates on questions of legibility or, more specifically, illegibility concerning black men and masculinity. More than simply recall the character Leroy, Neal urges, we should consider what aspects of his character were we perhaps misreading or unable to decipher even when we were aware of him. 

By identifying unusual, queer, or hard to account for features of black men who were once more widely known as leading figures in television programs, Neal performs a kind of recovery work that is somewhat different than the excavations that we initially envisioned in the field of say black literary history.  Many of the black men Neal discusses throughout his book, in fact, are living and actively pursuing careers, so they have not even faded from public consciousness. Jay-Z and Stringer Bell don't necessarily need to be recovered yet, do they?

And that's the place where the recovery work is different and useful. The processes of pinpointing the illegibility of even popular black men amounts, in some ways, to making them more legible.  

Related
A Notebook on Mark Anthony Neal's Looking for Leroy 

Blogging about Poetry in May 2013


[Related content: Blogging about Poetry

• May 29: Anthologies featuring African American Poetry, 1968 - 2013
• May 29: A Notebook on Anthologies
• May 28: Langston Hughes, Amiri Baraka, Kevin Young, and their playful poetry
• May 28: A Notebook on the work of Langston Hughes
• May 28: Links to Langston Hughes's Madam Alberta K. Johnson poems
• May 24: Black Poetry: A Timeline, 1854 - 2013
• May 24: 25 poems widely anthologized poems
• May 24: Poems about slavery or "liberation" poems: Framing Black Poetry
• May 22: How to read poetry like a RapGenius
• May 22: A notebook on other ways of reading African American poetry
• May 22: Notes on popular writings concerning African American poetry
 • May 22: Kevin Young in The New Times in 2012
• May 22: How to read poetry like a RapGenius
• May 20: From RapGenius to Cultural Historian to Marketing Analyzer?
• May  18: 50 Poems about Slavery, Struggles for Freedom
• May 15: Some obversations concerning recent "debates" about African American poetry
• May 13: From "Black" to "African American" Poetry Anthologies
• May 12: The Rise of Rita Dove and Elizabeth Alexander during the late 1980s
• May 12: A Notebook on Rita Dove
• May 12: A Notebook on persona poems
• May 11: The pace of publishing: Another reason black poetry focuses on history
• May 9: From OHHLA to RapGenius 
• May 3: 49 years ago, Amiri Baraka reviewed a grab bag of works for Poetry magazine 
• May  2: Blogging about Poetry in April 2013
• May 1: Coltrane vs. Thelonious Monk in the sounds of Amiri Baraka